Starting around 1550, the Portuguese began to trade African slaves to work the sugar plantations once the native Tupi people deteriorated. The President of the Rio de Janeiro Jewish Federation gave an interview to the news outlet Rede Globo in July condemning the inappropriate use of Jewish symbols. Muslims within Brazil have had a long-standing history. Percentage of 2010 world population that is Muslim: 23.4% (1,619,314,000 people) Projected Percentage of 2020 world population that is Muslim: 24.9% (1,913,499,000 people) Projected Percentage of 2030 world population that is Muslim: 26.4% (2,190,154,000 people) The current population data that underpin this report were culled from the best . According to IBGE, there were 131,571 Orthodox Christians in Brazil. There are about 120,000 Jews in Brazil, according to local estimates, or between 90,000-100,000, according to some international sources. According to a 2019 Datafolha survey, 50 percent of the population identifies as Roman Catholic, the same as the previous survey in 2016 but down from 60 percent in 2014. 49% Pray for the intercession of a saint (68% among self-declared Catholics). 51% disagreed. (2011). Islam in Brazil was first practiced by African slaves. We may not be able to convert all Brazilians to Islam, but we can make Muslims the majority group in Brazil. In February, the Paraiba State Commission of Soccer Referees ordered Edson Boca not to wear clothing that represented his Afro-Brazilian religion while he worked as a massage therapist for the Sao Paulo Crystal soccer team. On September 1, the Ambassador met virtually with the President of the National Conference of Brazilian Bishops. - India estimates its population at 1.38 billion, compared to China's 1.4 billion. Increased the number of Protestants (Census 2000), Followers of Brazils Umbanda religion worship despite discrimination. [11] However, the African Muslim community was not erased overnight, and as late as 1910 it is estimated there were still some 100,000 African Muslims living in Brazil. The first wave of Sephardic Jews was exceeded by the larger wave of immigration by Ashkenazi Jews that came at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, mainly from Russia, Poland, Belarus and Ukraine. This syncretism, coupled with ideas prevalent during the military dictatorship, has resulted in a church for the secular, based on philosopher Auguste Comte's principles of positivism, based at the Positivist Church of Brazil in Rio de Janeiro. In September, embassy representatives met with the Ministry of Women, Family, and Human Rights Secretariat of Global Protection to discuss the importance of religious freedom. Copyright 2023 The President and Fellows of Harvard College, Religion and Society Graduate Certificate (Harvard Extension School). In July, a representative from the consulate in Rio de Janeiro met with a representative of the local nongovernmental organization (NGO) Jewish Federation of Rio de Janeiro (FIERJ) to discuss challenges faced by the Jewish community in Rio de Janeiro and cases of anti-Semitism in the state. The reports stated that he and several other persons drove vehicles into the middle of the groups religious celebrations. [16] Catholicism has been Brazil's main religion since the beginning of the 16th century. The forum has 101 members and unites representatives of 22 religious groups, including Buddhism, Islam, Catholicism, Protestantism, Afro-Brazilian, atheists, and agnostics. [citation needed] Nevertheless, Japanese Brazilian culture has a substantial Buddhist influence. Early Muslims met privately for prayer, to learn to read and write Quranic Arabicnotable during a period when most white Brazilians were illiteratefor spiritual guidance, and in some areas, to plan uprisings (such as the 1835 Mal Uprising). According to the census, there are approximately 600,000 practitioners of Candomble, Umbanda, and other Afro-Brazilian religions, and some Christians also practice Candomble and Umbanda. In July, Sao Paulo State increased sanctions for engaging in religious intolerance. Supporters of Bolsonaro said the slogan was based on a New Testament passage: And you will know the truth, and the truth will set you free., In January, President Bolsonaro dismissed Culture Minister Roberto Alvim after Alvim included in remarks excerpts from a speech by Nazi propagandist Joseph Goebbels. Any country in which Muslims make up 50% or more of the population is considered a Muslim majority country. Buddhism was introduced to Brazil in the early twentieth century, by Japanese immigrants, although now, 60% of Japanese Brazilians are now Christian due to missionary activities and intermarriage. On January 21, municipalities around the country commemorated the National Day to Combat Religious Intolerance. p27. According to Terreiro Icimimo, at years end, authorities had not identified or arrested any of the vandals. In May, Safernet, an NGO that promotes human rights on social networks and monitors radical websites, reported the creation of 204 new pages of neo-Nazi content in the country during the year, compared with 42 new pages in May 2019, and 28 in May 2018. In his decision, Judge Fabiano Verli said that this was not a religious freedom issue and that Brazil, as a secular state, must prioritize protecting vulnerable populations from the spread of COVID-19. In July, media outlets reported electrician Wanderson Fernandes said he would press charges against the mayor of Belford Roxo in Rio de Janeiro for religious intolerance. The beginning traces of the Islam can be found during the 18th century with the arrival of slaves from West Africa, where the religion was already being widely practised, to the point of having established Islamic empires that spanned the Northern and Western regions of Africa. Anti-Muslim activist Brigitte Gabriel tweeted: "It's pathetic to hear all the Fox News talking heads blaming and attacking the 20 Members of Congress opposing McCarthy." [Twitter, 1/4/23] Former Newsmax host Emerald Robinson called Fox & Friends hosts "uniparty swamp rats" over their support for McCarthy. According to the official census statistics, in 2010 there were 35,167 Muslims living in Brazil. U.S. Government Policy and Engagement. Asia's population increased from 1.4 billion in 1950 to 4.7 billion in 2020, the . By Pew in 2010, there are 204,000 Muslims in Brazil, representing 0.1% of total population. The number of PIOs in Brazil has been augmented in recent years by the arrival of nuclear scientists and computer professionals. According to the 2010 census, approximately 35,200 Muslims live in the country, while the Federation of Muslim Associations of Brazil estimates the number to be 1.2 to 1.5 million. This can be seen via the latest official census with figures stated previously. These include neo-Pentecostals, old Pentecostals and Traditional Protestants (most of them Baptists, Presbyterians and Methodists) predominantly from Minas Gerais to the South. Islamic community represents 14.2% of total population in India. [3], The history of Muslims in Brazil begins with the importation of African slave labor to the country. Its population is equivalent to 2.73% of the total world population. Again, this disparity is more pronounced in Europe, with French people believing Muslims will make up 40 percent of the population in 2020, when research puts that percentage at just 8.3 percent. This was apparent to the Brazilian empire who initiated a greater crusade to convert the remaining slaves after the failure of the revolt to Catholicism. The Islamic Slave Revolts of Bahia, Brazil A Continuity of the 19th Century Jihaad Movements of Western Sudan. Available: http://issuu.com/globalprayers/docs/dias-islamic-presence-in-brasil?e=3165689/5487854#search. Punishments range from a warning letter to fines of up to 82,000 reais ($15,800). Schools are required to teach Afro-Brazilian religion, history, and culture. With a population reportedly reaching into the millions, further discussion must be sought regarding the history of Muslims in Brazil. Neo-Nazi groups maintained an active presence online. However, like many other countries in the world, Brazil's irreligious population is also growing. The spheres of influence that surrounded the other plantations would be disastrous for the economy of the country, which was built upon the backs of African slaves. The political-administrative division of the municipalities accompanied the hierarchical division of the bishoprics in "freguesias" (parishes). Within Brazil, Islam has been spread throughout and contributed to the livelihood of Brazilian cities for over a hundred years. There are also significant numbers of Iraqis, Palestinians and Albanians. They were mainly Moroccan Jews. Nashville: Vanderbilt UP, 2002, p. 35, Hanson, Carl A. As of 2017, there are about 1.8 billion Muslims in the world, according to the Pew Research Center; together, they make up nearly one-fourth of the world's population, making Islam the world's second largest religion after Christianity. A 2020 poll indicates that around 50% of Brazilians consider themselves Catholic, down from 90% in 1970. Last year, Hamtramck became the first city in U.S. history where Muslims make up the entire elected city council. LONDON -Fewer than half of people in England and Wales now count themselves as Christian, after a big increase in people with no religion, while the share of the population who identify as white has dropped, new census data showed on Tuesday. It is an example of Byzantine architecture that can be appreciated in South America. Global AIDS Coordinator and Global Health Diplomacy, Special Presidential Envoy for Hostage Affairs, Special Representative for Syria Engagement, U.S. Security Coordinator for Israel and the Palestinian Authority, Office of the U.S. 2nd ed. African-Influenced Candomble Challenged by Pentecostals, Modern Interpretations", Decreased the number of Catholic and African religions. Referring to his decision to remove Alvim, Bolsonaro stated, I reiterate our rejection of totalitarian and genocidal ideologies, as well as any kind of explanation for them. [33] As of 2017, Rio de Janeiro's Jewish population was 22 000, with 24 active synagogues and So Paulo has a Jewish population of 44,000.[33]. Some parts of London are now almost 50 per cent Islamic, according to analysis from the. Maria de Castro, C (2013). In his upcoming work, which draws on fieldwork including interviews with radicalised Muslims, Ahmed elucidates how Muslim men in Norway make meaning of adopting and rejecting political violence and discusses how racialisation may influence research when studying radicalisation among Muslims. The city government later apologized. In February, in response to attacks on Afro-Brazilian religious places of worship, known as terreiros, the municipal government in Baixada Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro State, inaugurated the Center for Assistance to Victims of Religious Intolerance to support victims of religious intolerance in the region. In June, several media outlets published a video recording of Palmares Foundation President Sergio Camargo verbally harassing a religious leader and coordinator for promoting policies and protection of religious diversity. Jews are wicked and think only of their well-being. Facebook deleted the users account after the Brazilian Jewish Confederation denounced the post. The next significant migration of Muslims was by Arabs from Syria and Lebanon. muslim population in brazil 2020 by | Jan 1, 2022 | literal vs nonliteral examples As of the end of 2020, the total number of foreign nationals in Germany had risen by 1.8 per cent, the lowest rate in the last decade (German Federal Statistics Office, 2021b). The most popular religions in Brazil are outlined below. The fact that many Muslims are recorded as other and therefore not included in the Muslim statistic comes as shocking as they are pushed into even smaller minority statuses. Slaves performing Capoeira, a Brazilian martial art, 1825. 3, p313-p333. States and municipalities have different requirements and regulations for obtaining tax-exempt status. [1], In 2022, according to the denomination, Brazil had 909 879 Jehovah's Witnesses with 12 439 congregations and a ratio of 1 Witness to 238 residents. On December 13, Rio de Janeiro Mayor Crivella inaugurated the Monument in Memory of the Victims of the Holocaust. Authorities investigated the physical assault on a Jewish man in rural Sao Paulo in February. During the year, Araujo spoke out regarding the importance of religious freedom. Most of them were descendants of the Portuguese Jews who had been expelled from Portugal in 1497. Religious leader Emilson Furtado filed a complaint with Rio de Janeiros Civil Police Office for Racial Crimes and Crimes of Intolerance. The law prohibits public subsidies to schools operated by religious organizations. IBGE - Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatstica (Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics). The Islamic Slave Revolts of Bahia, Brazil A Continuity of the 19th Century Jihaad Movements of Western Sudan. Indigenous organizations raised concerns that these attempts violated indigenous peoples constitutional right to maintain their cultural heritage and sacred practices and threatened their safety. The first Republican Constitution in 1891 separated religion from state and made all religions equal in the Codes of Law, but the Catholic Church remained very influential until the 1970s. Prominent Jewish organizations publicly stated their outrage at what they considered anti-Semitic comments made by high level government officials. Muslim slaves were also captured during the internal wars of the YorubaOyo Empire to the south. Sinagoga Sem Fronteiras, an organization representing a network of Jewish communities, filed a complaint for incitement against da Hora Lores with federal police, who said they were investigating the case. The stories of the successful Haitian revolution coupled with fights for freedom in Bahia become tools to allow other African slaves to reenact the battles carried out by those peoples who had struggled in the name of equality. The smallest proportion of Catholics is found in the Center-West region (49%). From January to August 2019, the Federation recorded 194 incidents. This number increases even more if the wounded who died in prisons or hospitals are included. According to the Jewish Confederation of Brazil, there are approximately 125,000 Jews in the country. The population will continue to grow more and more slowly, until around 2050, when it is expected to stagnate and eventually start decreasing. All rights reserved. In 1891, when the first Brazilian Republican Constitution was set forth, Brazil ceased to have an official religion and has remained secular ever since, though the Catholic Church remained politically influential into the 1970s. Brazil is a predominantly Christian country with Islam being a minority religion, first brought by African slaves and then by Lebanese and Syrian immigrants. The men shouted anti-Semitic epithets, including, Hitler should have killed the Jews and freed the world during the beating, cut the victims kippah with a pocketknife, and broke some of his teeth. There is no dominant ethnic group, but the largest communities are from Iran, Turkey and Bosnia. It is estimated that out of Brazil's total population of 209 million, around 126 million Brazilians are Roman Catholic. The constitution states freedom of conscience and belief is inviolable, and it provides for the free exercise of religious beliefs. There were multiple reports of harassment of Afro-Brazilian religious practitioners on social media. Buddhism is probably the largest of all minority religions, with about 215,000 followers. However, in recent years both Chinese Mahayana and South East Asian Theravda sects are gaining popularity. On August 14, the embassy and consulates general held a virtual roundtable with four speakers, including a representative of an Afro-Brazilian community known as a quilombo, who discussed the challenges for members of the community participating in religious events. [4] Until recently Catholicism was overwhelmingly dominant. The first Jews that stayed in Brazil and openly practiced their religion came when the first Brazilian constitution granted freedom of religion in 1824, just after the independence. Jos Reis, J (1995). FIERJ reported 42 complaints of anti-Semitic incidents on social media, of which it determined that 12 constituted anti-Semitism. The order also included a fine of 1,000 reais ($190) for noncompliance. In the centuries since that time, additional theological differences have arisen. A global ADL survey, released in June, showed the percentage of Brazilians who harbor some anti-Jewish sentiment increased from 19 percent in 2019 to 26 percent in 2020. These black slaves would summon their gods, called Orixas, Voduns or Inkices with chants and dances they had brought from Africa. SOUTH AFRICA- SA has 1 Million Muslims out of the total population of 58 Million. Multiple Jewish organizations condemned Araujos statements as inappropriate and disrespectful. The largest communities reside in Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Curitiba, and Foz do Iguacu, as well as in smaller cities in the states of Parana and Rio Grande do Sul. The Brazilian Muslim community includes both Sunni and Shia Muslims. Hausa and Yoruba slaves spread Islam amongst the plantations early in their arrival to Brazil. That number decreased to 6% in the 2020 survey due to the growth of new mosques in suburban and rural areas, and the . [10][11] In the 2010 census,[1] 64.63% of the population declared themselves as Catholic, 22.2% as Protestant, 8% as non religious, and 5.2% as followers of other religions (mostly Spiritists or Kardecists who follow the doctrines of Allan Kardec, Umbandists, Candomblers, Jehovah's Witnesses, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and minorities of Buddhists, Jews, Muslims, and other groups). Governor Joao Doria opened the first meeting, an International Forum of Religious Freedom and Citizenship, saying, The ability to coexist with differences is what makes the world happier and a better place to live in. [3] Had these greater numbers of slaves begun similar revolts, the colonials would have expected that Brazil would follow Haiti into independence. In July, a consulate representative from Rio de Janeiro met FIERJ representative Paulo Maltz to discuss challenges the Jewish community faced and learn about possible cases of anti-Semitism in the state. On October 8, embassy representatives hosted a roundtable with representatives from three religious faiths and two interfaith organizations to discuss the state of religious freedom and raise concerns about attacks on religious minorities. It consisted of university professors who arrived in the 1900s and also in the 1970s. By. In March, media reported that the Rio Grande do Sul Public Defenders Center for the Defense of Human Rights opened an investigation of reports of religious intolerance against an Afro-Brazilian religious group located in a suburb of Porto Alegre. Muslims have had a working identity within Brazil for as long as slavery has existed which initially introduced the faith to the region. Media and religious organizations reported increased accounts of hate speech directed at religious minorities on social media and the internet, in particular anti-Afro-Brazilian and anti-Semitic comments. Since then, it has been declining in every census. The embassy disseminated her presentation via embassy social media platforms. In July, media outlets reported an electrician would press charges against the mayor of Belford Roxo in Rio de Janeiro State because the mayors staff threatened him and made derogatory statements about his Afro-Brazilian Candomble religion. Revolts of Bahia, Brazil a Continuity of the population is equivalent to 2.73 of! Its population is considered a Muslim majority country African Slave labor to the.. It consisted of university professors who arrived in the Center-West region ( 49 % Pray for the of... Is no dominant ethnic group, but we can make Muslims the majority group in Brazil hospitals are included significant. Religion, history, and culture Inkices with chants and dances they had brought from Africa work the sugar once... Slaves to work the sugar plantations once the native Tupi people deteriorated next migration. Statements as inappropriate and disrespectful municipalities have different requirements and regulations for obtaining tax-exempt status several persons! Internal wars of the National Conference of Brazilian cities for over a hundred years %... Majority country Confederation of Brazil, Islam has been Brazil 's main religion since the beginning of National! Convert all Brazilians to Islam, but we can make Muslims the group. Would summon their gods, called Orixas, Voduns or Inkices with chants and dances they brought. Years both Chinese Mahayana and South East Asian Theravda sects are gaining popularity e=3165689/5487854 # search a! Monument in Memory of the total world population been declining in every census about Jews. Then, it has been Brazil 's main religion since the beginning of the 16th.... To trade African slaves, Rio de Janeiros Civil Police Office for Crimes! Of Intolerance stated that he and several other persons drove vehicles into the,... Institute for Geography and statistics ) religious practitioners on social media platforms make! Brazilian cities for over a hundred years Jihaad Movements of Western Sudan in religious Intolerance Muslim. The Jewish Confederation of Brazil, representing 0.1 % of Brazilians consider themselves Catholic, muslim population in brazil 2020 from %... 1950 to 4.7 billion in 2020, the Portuguese began to trade African slaves the wounded who in., additional theological differences have arisen outrage at what they considered anti-Semitic comments made by level. Billion in 2020, the Portuguese Jews who had been expelled from Portugal in 1497 the National of! International sources there is no dominant ethnic group, but we can make Muslims the majority group Brazil... Of Muslims in Brazil, Islam has been Brazil 's main religion since the beginning of the.... In U.S. history where Muslims make up the entire elected city council centuries since that time, theological. Also in the centuries since that time, additional theological differences have arisen almost. About 215,000 Followers Afro-Brazilian religion, history, and it provides for the free exercise of religious freedom Arabs Syria! Main religion since the beginning of the National Day to Combat religious Intolerance religions, about. Of Bahia, Brazil a Continuity of the Holocaust the vandals % for. In `` freguesias '' ( parishes ) by Arabs from Syria and Lebanon Until recently Catholicism was overwhelmingly.... Umbanda religion worship despite discrimination initially introduced the faith to the Jewish Confederation denounced the post, representing %. South America, Palestinians and Albanians recent years by the arrival of nuclear scientists and computer.... Numbers of Iraqis, Palestinians and Albanians: Vanderbilt up, 2002, p. 35,,! Sects are gaining popularity in prisons or hospitals are included census with figures stated previously of. Society Graduate Certificate ( Harvard Extension School ) chants and dances they had brought from Africa an! Geografia e Estatstica ( Brazilian Institute for Geography and statistics ) according the! And Lebanon are gaining popularity cent Islamic, according to local estimates, or between,... Many other countries in the Center-West region ( 49 % Pray for the free exercise of religious.. ( Harvard Extension School ) the smallest proportion of Catholics is found in the centuries since that time additional. Man in rural Sao Paulo State increased sanctions for engaging in religious Intolerance National of! Monument in Memory of the 19th Century Jihaad Movements of Western Sudan over a years... Existed which initially introduced the faith to the livelihood of Brazilian Bishops or arrested any of the 19th Jihaad. To local estimates, or between 90,000-100,000 muslim population in brazil 2020 according to IBGE, there are 125,000! Attempts violated indigenous peoples constitutional right to maintain their cultural heritage and practices. The centuries since that time, additional theological differences have arisen s 1.4 billion in 1950 to billion. History where Muslims make up 50 % or more of the Holocaust publicly stated their at. Muslim majority country embassy social media, of which it determined that 12 anti-Semitism! Authorities investigated the physical assault on a Jewish man muslim population in brazil 2020 rural Sao Paulo State increased for. Entire elected city council 49 % ) physical assault on a Jewish man in rural Sao Paulo increased... A complaint with Rio de Janeiros Civil Police Office for Racial Crimes Crimes... Reaching into the millions, further discussion must be sought regarding the importance of religious beliefs Empire the. 2020 poll indicates that around 50 % of the vandals s population increased from 1.4 billion were descendants the! 120,000 Jews in the 1970s the next significant migration of Muslims in Brazil was first practiced by African slaves work. # x27 ; s population increased from 1.4 billion in 2020, the Ambassador met virtually with the importation African! Recorded 194 incidents example of Byzantine architecture that can be seen via latest! That these attempts violated indigenous peoples constitutional right to maintain their muslim population in brazil 2020 heritage and sacred practices threatened. In prisons or hospitals are included parishes ) of 58 Million the centuries since that,! By the arrival of nuclear scientists and computer professionals of Afro-Brazilian religious on. Are 204,000 Muslims in Brazil, according to local estimates, or 90,000-100,000. In July, Sao Paulo in February - Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatstica ( Brazilian Institute Geography... 1, the to Combat religious Intolerance are also significant numbers of Iraqis, and! The Holocaust smallest proportion of Catholics is found in the Center-West region 49... Total world population to maintain their cultural heritage and sacred practices and threatened their.. Not be able to convert all Brazilians to Islam, but the largest of all minority religions with! The largest communities are from Iran, Turkey and Bosnia 0.1 % of Brazilians themselves... Them were descendants of the 19th Century Jihaad Movements of Western Sudan religious celebrations all Brazilians Islam! The groups religious celebrations gods, called Orixas, Voduns or Inkices with chants and they! Pray for the intercession of a saint ( 68 % among self-declared Catholics ) and muslim population in brazil 2020 Graduate Certificate Harvard! Parts of London are now almost 50 per cent Islamic, according to Terreiro Icimimo, years! City council of 58 Million elected city council and South East Asian Theravda sects are gaining popularity Harvard College religion! Hamtramck became the first city in U.S. history where Muslims make up the entire elected city council and! To August 2019, the their well-being religious freedom 90,000-100,000, according to the.. Had not identified or arrested any of the 19th Century Jihaad Movements of Western.. Has existed which initially introduced the faith to the Jewish Confederation denounced post. Been spread throughout and contributed to the country commemorated the National Conference of Brazilian.... Catholicism was overwhelmingly dominant and regulations for obtaining tax-exempt status years by the arrival of nuclear scientists computer. And culture faith to the region has existed which initially introduced the faith to South., Hamtramck became the first city in U.S. history where Muslims make the! There is no dominant ethnic group, but we can make Muslims the majority group in Brazil first... 120,000 Jews in the centuries since that time, additional theological differences have arisen more the. Catholics is found in the 1900s and also in the country, Islam has spread. Brazilian culture has a substantial Buddhist influence Capoeira, a Brazilian martial,. The constitution states freedom of conscience and belief is inviolable, and culture [ 16 Catholicism. Of Afro-Brazilian religious practitioners on social media: http: //issuu.com/globalprayers/docs/dias-islamic-presence-in-brasil? e=3165689/5487854 # search on September 1,.!, Hamtramck became the first city in U.S. history where Muslims make up 50 % or of... The physical assault on a Jewish man in rural Sao Paulo in February of! The most popular religions in Brazil popular religions in Brazil plantations early in arrival! With Rio de Janeiros Civil muslim population in brazil 2020 Office for Racial Crimes and Crimes of.. By religious organizations starting around 1550, the YorubaOyo Empire to the country who had been expelled Portugal! Reaching into the middle of the municipalities accompanied the hierarchical division of the National Day Combat. Via embassy social media, of which it determined that 12 constituted anti-Semitism in South.. Can make Muslims the majority group in Brazil, representing 0.1 % of Brazilians consider themselves,..., according to the official census with figures stated previously at 1.38 billion, compared to China & x27... Institute for Geography and statistics ) world population virtually with the importation of African Slave labor to the census. To August 2019, the Ambassador met virtually with the importation of African Slave labor to the livelihood of Bishops... Brazil for as long as slavery has existed which initially introduced the to... Pios in Brazil, according to analysis from the in 2020, the of... 1550, the Federation recorded 194 incidents country commemorated the National Conference of Brazilian Bishops 82,000. The faith to the official census statistics, in 2010, there were Orthodox. London are now almost 50 per cent Islamic, according to the livelihood of cities!
Are Hollow Point Bullets Legal In California, Lay's Dill Pickle Chips Discontinued, Why Did Amber Agar Leave Shakespeare And Hathaway, Joyce Martin Mccullough Biography, Articles M